Emily Dickson - 2677 Words

Almost unknown as a poet in her lifetime, Emily Dickinson is now considered as one of the most mysterious and original American poet of 19th century for her innovation in rhythmic meters and creative use of metaphors. Her poems were rarely published in Russia because most of them had religious content (to express religious feelings was restricted in Russia for almost a century). However, some poems that I read impressed me at the first glance. Dickinson’s poems spoke powerfully to me about meaningful events in living. Many impressions that she compressed into only few words helped me to understand my own experience through her emotional clarity. It was not easy to understand Dickinson’s poems. I had to read â€Å"between lines† to get what she†¦show more content†¦She was less interested in answering questions about social events than she was in exploring how she felt at a giving moment. Emily Dickinson was almost unknown during her lifetime because she refused publish her poems and only seven of them were published anonymously during her lifetime. After Dickinson’s death her sister Livinia found nearly two thousand of drafts wrote in pencil on scraps of paper, grocery lists, and the backs of recipes and used envelopes (Melani). Only few of them were titled and many were unfinished. Emily did not prepare her poems for publishing, but wrote for her own purposes. She was sensitive for any kind of attention and by copying poems into personal correspondence she controlled who would read her poems. Emily Dickinson died on 15 May 1886, at the age of fifty-six. She was buried in one of the white dresses she wore in her later years and now rests in the West Cemetery of Amherst, Hampshire County, Massachusetts (Donoghue 38). The Homestead at Amherst, the place where Emily was born and spent much of her childhood and almost all her adult life, became Emily Dickinson’s Museum and now open for the general public. Reader Respond: In a largeShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickson Life1088 Words   |  4 Pages Emily Dickinson Life’s Emily Dickinson was an American writer that changed the way people view poetry, females’ authors, and symbolism. Her work are celebrated the world over for their simplicity, beauty, and imagery. Also her life is very well-known and a topic of interest for millions of people around the world. Emily Dickinson was a very influential poet and will be remembered in history forever. Dickinsons poetic accomplishment was known from the moment her first volume appeared in 1890Read MoreEmily Dickson Poetic Style Of The Works Of George Eliot, Hawthorne, The Brownings, And Other Earlier959 Words   |  4 PagesKnown as one of America’s best poets, Emily Dickson poetic style sets her apart from all the rest. Every writer has his/her own unique ways based on theme, style, and punctuation special just to him/her; this is the same of Ms. Dickinson. Before peering into her work, lets get a little background information into the lifestyle, literary work that influenced her, and religious change of her time. Dickinson lived as a recluse. According to the experts the â€Å"Dickinson s reading was comparatively wideRead MoreBecause I couldn’t stop for death by Emily Dickson and Death Be Not Proud by John Donne551 Words   |  3 PagesFirst of all, based on both poems, the attitude of the poets is influenced by the diction of the poems as well as tone and mood. In Emily Dickinson’s poem, in line 1, 2 Because I couldn’t stop for death –He kindly stopped for me the word â€Å"death† delivers a positive mood as the speaker seems respect and awe death. Moreover, death is portrayed as a phenomenon that is beyond ‎human’s control. Death has its own control; it is something that human cannot decide themselves but only death can do stopRead MoreAnalysis Of John Donne, Emily Dicks, And Michael Obi With The Idea Of Believing And Follow God1175 Words   |  5 Pages In this paper I will argue about the struggles John Donne, Emily Dicks, and Michael Obi with the idea of believing and follow God. The speaker in Holy Sonnet 14 struggles with not deserving to have a relationship with God. Emily Dickson fights with if there is an afterlife and if it is real (Poem 501). Michael Obi struggles with whole ideas of religion and looking to the past since he is all about the looking forward (Death Men’s Path). The themes that are underlines is the desire to reconnect withRead More`` Because I Could Not Stop For Death ``880 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is an aspect of life that everyone becomes acquainted with sooner or later. The poem, â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† by Emily Dickinson, is seen as a reflection of the passing of time in one s life while living. No one knows when it is their time to die, and we live everyday as if tomorrow it promised. Dickinson is saying that since we as humans tend to live on the expectation for tomorrow, we don t think about the end of our life or when it will be. That time will stand still whenRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Death Of Life873 Words   |  4 Pages Known for her ability to succinctly pen elegant and thought provoking poems on a wide range of topics: from self reliance to the turmoils of war, Emily Dickinson remains a pillar of talent and inspiration to this day. While most, if not all, poets reveal elements of themselves within their works Dickinson seems to lay herself bare before her readers; leaving very little left to the imagination. Dickinson achieves this by combining symbolism, allegory and often nimble punctuation within her stanzasRead MoreAn Analysis of The Soul selects her own Society884 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Dickinson’s â€Å"The Soul Selects her Own Society† presents herself as absolute and her rights as unchallengeable. The poem puts forward the idea of â€Å"friendship or love† which means choosing a significant person and excluding other people. Dickinson reveals that she was shutting people from her life, but because it had been so long, they are no longer interested in taking part of her life. Dickinson’s actions imply that the ability to create and construct a world for oneself, such as choosing yourRead MoreEssay On Emily Dickinson1348 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Dickinson The beloved poet, Emily Dickinson lived as a recluse to become the greatest American woman poet of the 19th century. Even in such peculiar circumstances, her works remain alive as she unites people through her talent. Furthermore, her poems were not recognized until after her death, her art is now praised with its impact on society. She intrigues readers with prominent themes of life and death and its comparison to living and nonliving aspects. Dickinson’s unique background, interestingRead MoreEmily Dickinsons Poetry Analysis1282 Words   |  6 Pagesthoughts for a theme that raises contradictions. I think no, you think maybe, but what does Emily Dickinson think? What does the ‘’blind’’ poet that experiences the world from her â€Å"room† thinks? Some critics have used her life to explain her poetry nevertheless others have tried to explain her life by referring to her poems, which they think are autobiographical. Between lines and stanzas we can see an Emily Dickinson that is passionate poet and expresses herself without barriers, open-minded andRead MoreI Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Dickinson s â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† is an elegy written from the perspective of the speaker who is already dead and who is reflecting back on the last moments of her life and the moment of her death. The speaker tells the story of his/her own deathbed scene: describing the final experiences and sensations before the exact moment of death. The poem uses specific language, descriptive visual and aural imagery, and other poetic devices to convey the confusion and frustration that speaker

The Act Utilitarianism And Social Contract Theory

The actions that Jean undertook were done in an attempt to increase overall happiness for himself and Pierre. Im the process he attempted to reduce pain and suffering by impersonating a medical professional, a doctor, in order to get the prescription filled. The actions that Jean undertook, while saving a life, were unauthorized because he is not certified as a medical professional. Despite the unauthorized nature of Jean’s actions, his actions can be justified through numerous ethical arguments. These arguments include: Kantism, Act Utilitarianism, Rule Utilitarianism, and Social Contract Theory. These of these theories would be used to justify the actions in various ways from the categorical imperative of Kantism, to the balancing of benefits and harms with Act Utilitarianism. Immanuel Kant’s theory, Kantism, states that an action is good if it can pass the categorical imperative, that is to say that if everyone were to follow an action would it come out with a positive or negative outcome. The famous idea what was proposed by Immanuel Kant was to see if suicide could be justified using the categorical imperative. He found that it could not be justified because if everyone was to commit suicide then it would lead to the extinction of humanity, which would thus be unethical. The theory of Rule-Utilitarianism they view the act itself as being either ethical or unethical rather than the rule as a whole. An example of this would be whether or not stopping at a stopShow MoreRelatedMoral, Ethical, And Ethical Theories980 Words   |  4 PagesEthical theories often conflict with one another. It is hardly ever true that both theories agree with one another. Same is the case for Jean and Pierre. Following the four basic principles of Act Utilitarianism, Rule Utilitarianism, Social Contract Theory, and Kantianism his actions will be discussed in the following paper. Examining his actions, he was in favor of following the moral instinct of Utilitarianism more than any other theory. Rule utilitarianism is a branch of utilitarianism that suggestsRead MoreThe Basic Moral Standard Is Human Welfare975 Words   |  4 Pagesthe welfare of others. Each classical moral theory has propose human welfare. Some theories completely focus on motives while others completely focus on rules or acts. However, each classical ethical theory alone cannot provide a plausible guideline for impartial human welfare without controversy. Multiple-strategies utilitarianism theory is the most suitable because it provides various strategies for general welfare. The multiple-strategies utilitarianism promotes the â€Å"best plan† for moral thinkingRead MoreKant s First Categorical Imperative984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe formula of the universal law, â€Å"Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.† (Korsgaard) (2) Kant stated that people should act from the maxim or their own personal rule. (3) Therefore, under the rule, using a person’s information for profit without his consent is an irrational action, so it is unethical. (4) According to Kant’s second categorical imperative, the formula of the end in itself, â€Å"Act in such a way that you always treatRead MoreFraud : An Example Of A False Statement Of Facts, Affirmative Act, Or Silence? Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesFraud in a contract occurs in three situations, false statement of facts, affirmative act , or silence. An example of a false statement could be if a contractor decides to knowingly overbilled a client or bill someone for work that was not done. If someone were to pay to have a new roof put on their house and the contractor put on cheap shingles and charged for the most expensive shingles this would be fraud under false statements.An affirmative act in contract fraud comes from trying to knowinglyRead MoreThe Ethics Of Care, And Virtue Ethics955 Words   |  4 PagesThere is not a perfect moral philosophy, which is why I will be taking bits and parts from the five different one to make one which fits my life style and morals. The five I will be dissecting are, Utilitarianism, Social Contract Theory, Kant, The Ethics of Care, and Virtue Ethics. Utilitarianism is a theory which I can agree with, mostly. I would like to do what makes the majority of people happy, however, it might not always be the correct decision. An example would be people at a workplace eachRead MoreUtilitarians Ethic and Politics: What is the Purpose of Human Life?1655 Words   |  7 Pageswhile doing a barbecue in the park? Utilitarian ethic and philosophy can answer to Wonder Womans struggle. But first lets see what Utilitarianism is. -Utilitarianism The Utilitarianism is the theory which fund the morality on the utility, and affirms that the true utilitity for and individual cant not always get along with the general utility. The utilitarianism fixes as a starting point the thought which recognize that one of the condition of human nature is to think firstly about his own interests:Read MoreAnalysis Of John Stuart Mill s Veil Of Ignorance And The Classic Social Contract Theory Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesprompt one of the week three Justice Theory essay assignment, and yields an evaluation through considering various internal and external materials from weeks one through three. Accordingly, the organization of this exploration concentrates on three areas of focus. First, this paper seeks to explain how the modern social contract theorist, John Rawls’, attempts to enhance the classic utilitarian views of John Stuart Mill, as well as the classic social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and Jean JacquesRead MoreAct Utilitarianism By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill During The 19th Century861 Words   |  4 PagesAct utilitarianism is a theory proposed by English philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill during the 19th century. The aforementioned theory states that an action is morally good if its benefits exceed its harms, and correspondingly an action is considered morally bad if its harms exceed its benefits. Act utilitarianism is based upon the principle of utility, which states an action is right, if it increases the total happiness of the affected parties, and wrong if it decreases the totalRead MoreUtilitarianism And Social Contract Theory1476 Words   |  6 PagesMichelle VanDeren Moral and Political Philosophy June 11, 2016 Reflection Paper Utilitarianism and Social Contract Theory Part I: Utilitarianism in the Work Place While managing a law firm over the past 13 years one of the most consistent issues to deal with is office attire. We have hired numerous employees ranging from 20-30 years of age whose attire did not project a professional appearance. Some of the employees often wore jeans or shirts that clearly showed their tattoos or were too revealingRead MoreBusiness Ethics in Society1153 Words   |  5 Pages. According to Velasquez, an ethic theory is one that evaluates the moral standards of a society. In other words, it evaluates whether actions are right or wrong. An ethical theory is developed within an individual while he or she is growing up. Furthermore, that child will develop moral standards of how to behave, talk and communicate because of the influence of his family, his religion and his community (13). 2. According to Velasquez, utilitarianism is a view where actions and policies are evaluated

Corporate Governance Principles Imperative Business

Question: Describe about the Corporate Governance Principles for Imperative Business. Answer: Relevance of Article The given article has immense relevance when viewed under ASX Principle 8 as per which it is imperative to compensate the directors in a fair and responsible manner. One of the key aspects of the remuneration policy is that it should ensure growth of the firm in the short term and long term. Also, while a fair remuneration is required to retain and motivate talent but simultaneously, it is imperative that excessive remuneration must not be given. Also, the remuneration of the senior executives and management should be decided by the remuneration committee which must not have any interference from the executive directors (ASX, 2014), However, in the given case, the above principle has been violated. This is apparent from the fact that the company Mylan has put in an incentive package for executives which is very aggressive and clearly is detrimental to the long term interests of the company. This is because the executives are meeting their target by steeply increasing the price of one drug i.e. Epipen Due to steep price increase, it is apparent that its sales in the long term would be adversely impacted and hence the companys profitability would dip. Also, this case is an example of excessive compensation being doled out to executives which is apparent from the staggering figure of $ 82 million to only five executives of the company (Snider, 2016). Further, it seems unlikely that the company had a remuneration committee manned by non-executive directors as it is unlikely that such bonus plans would be framed by such a committee (Neokleous, 2013). Hence, it is apparent that while the variable component of compensa tion which is performance linked is imperative but the same should be within reasonable limits and linked to realistic performance targets (Talha, 2009). Personal Reflection The most significant aspect of the unit on corporate governance for me was the role of non-executive directors or independent directors, They play a key regulating role in various committees such a nomination committee, audit committee but undoubtedly their greatest role is with regards to remuneration committee (EY, nd).The responsibility of remuneration if given in the hands of the executive directors could play havoc as they would essentially be driven by the short term interests and try to maximise their performance linked bonuses. The independent directors play a critical role in safeguarding the interest of shareholders by acting as a check to the unfettered powers of the executive directors (Popli Popli, 2015). I was earlier working for this large family business in the construction space. Due to lack of adherence to sound corporate government principles, the independent directors only had namesake value and their integrity was compromised. As a result, the executives tend to misuse the available powers to draw heavy compensation from the company by linking it to various ambitious targets related to sales. However, in reality those sales only took on paper and the cash inflow never happened due to which the company now is under debts. References ASX 2014, Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations, ASX Website, Available online from https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn.pdf EY nd, Corporate governance: Changing regulatory scenario and the role of the independent director, Ernst Young Website, Available online from https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Corporate_governance_for_changing/%24FILE/Corporate_governance_for_changing_regulatory_scenario_and_the_role_of_the_independent_director_EY_FIDS.pdf (Accessed on September 4, 2016) Neokleous, CL 2013, Executive Remuneration as a Corporate Governance problem, EurActiv Website, Available online from https://euractivgreece.blogactiv.eu/2013/06/30/124/ (Accessed on September 4, 2016) Popli, GS Popli, R 2015, Corporate Governance and the Role and Responsibility of Board of Directors in India with Special Focus on Independent Directors, Available online from S https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2545715 (Accessed on September 4, 2016) Snider, M 2016, EpiPen maker ties bonuses to profit targets, USA Today, Available online from https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2016/09/01/epipen-maker-ties-bonuses-profit-targets/89710582/ (Accessed on September 4, 2016) Talha, M 2009, Corporate Governance And Directors Remuneration In Selected ASEAN Countries. The Journal of Applied Business Research, Vol. 25, No.2, pp. 31-40

Running Head ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Essays -

Running Head: ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY TUI UNIVERSITY Timothy N. Tarrant Module 1: BHE 314 Health Care Delivery Systems Dr. Rania Sabty-Daily 26 July 2008 Abstract The purpose of this case study is to explain how I would involve the community in assessing the current problems related to the way household trash and hazardous trash is managed in the community, the existing resources or services available in their community to reduce, reuse, recycle, and properly dispose of trash and hazardous trash, and how they may be improved. TRASH MANAGEMENT In a developing country, an urban community is overwhelmed by trash that is poorly managed and has become a source of many hazards to the public. As a Health Educator working for an international health organization I have been tasked to assess the needs of this community. Specifically, I have been asked how to involve the community in the needs assessment plan that aims at collecting information regarding the ways in which trash (wastes), and hazardous trash (hazardous solid wastes) are managed in this community. To accomplish this I initiate a four-phase assessment of the community. The four phases of the community assessment are: assessment planning, data collection, data analysis, and program action planning. The first phase of the needs assessment is assessment planning. During this phase, I will determine the purpose and objectives of the assessment, and identify the community and determine the existing resources available to the community. To assist in this process I will establish a community advisory board and invite members of the local community to sit on this board. The advisory board will help gain the trust of the locals by involving the community stakeholders (local residents) in the process and allow the locals to help describe the current problems related to the way trash and hazardous trash is managed in the community. It is necessary to involve the community in the beginning of the assessment in order to achieve buy-in from the whole community. Once the community has been defined and the purpose and objectives have been identified, I will develop an operational management plan. This plan will determine data indicators and sources to be used, and will define personnel roles and responsibilities, to include the way meetings are organized and run. Upon completion of assessment planning, the data collection phase begins. Data collection is necessary to provide factual and/or circumstantial evidence that traces problems in the community to the waste. Part of this data collection includes conducting a community resource inventory. This will determine resource availability and identify potential health concern gaps. One way to accomplish this is by questioning community members such as, public officials, health officials, and long term residents. It is important to gather information from people who represent various backgrounds and viewpoints. Example questions might include: Does the community have access to water? Do they practice hand hygiene? How do they dispose of waste? Do you have concerns that childhood disease may be attributable to the trash or hazardous trash accumulation? Of course with this line of questioning you may attain "sympathizer" responses however, once all the data is compiled, those types of responses will sort themselves out. I would also want to determine if there is a possible link to the close proximity of the trash and/or hazardous waste to disease outbreaks of any kind. Basically is there is any disease or illness occurring in the community that might be due to environmental conditions. Keep in mind that observing community behaviors is just as important as asking questions when determining solutions to existing problems. The third phase is to analyze the data collected. Reviewing the data allows us to see what actual problems have been created by the current situation. When reviewing the data, it must be determined what the community doing right. This will determine if the current system needs to be tweaked or if it needs a total overhaul. In order to be effective you must spend sufficient time in this third phase. You must look for all the positives, find out what are the existing resources or services available in their community to reduce, reuse, recycle and properly dispose of trash. A proper analysis will allow you to prioritize the top needs of the community and help to better utilize resources to fix existing problems. Due to the poor nature of this community, resources are most likely going to be limited. It is important for all of the stakeholders to agree on the primary needs of the community and be able to rank them accordingly. Once the

Common Astronomy Terms and Definitions

Common Astronomy Terms and Definitions Free Online Research Papers Common Astronomy Terms and Definitions 1.)Absorption Spectrums – Also called a â€Å"dark-line† Spectrum, this occurs when certain energies of light (colors) are absorbed by atoms. 2.)Achromatic Lens – A color corrected lens formed by cementing together two different glass lenses 3.)Aperture – The effective diameter of the objective telescope lens 4.)Aphelion – The farthest point in the orbit of a planet about the sun 5.)Azimuth Telescope Mount – This telescope mount moves the telescope in elevation and azimuth 6.)Celestial Equator – The projection of the Earth’s equator on the celestial sphere 7.)Celestial Sphere – All the fixed stars in the sky 8.)Charge-Coupled Device or CCD – A modern light detector capable of detecting faint light sources and when connected to a computer, this system can capture images and store them in the computer memory 9.)Chromatic Aberration – This occurs in a simple lens where different colors of light are focused at different places 10.)Constructive Interference – This occurs when the crest of one wave meets the crest of a second wave in time and space so that a larger wave is generated from the sum of the two original waves 11.)Continuous Spectra – When the light from a heated source passes through a prism or diffraction grating, the light is spread out into a beautiful band of all colors from red through blue 12.)Convex Lens – A simple glass lens that is thick in the center and thin at the edges 13.)Counter Weights – Sliding adjustable weights attached to the main body of the telescope to aid in the balance of the telescope as it is driven across the sky following a celestial object 14.)Cryogenics – The science of low temperatures 15.)Days in the Week – The days of the week were named after the five planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn plus the Sun and the Moon 16.)Declination – A measure in degrees north and south of the celestial equator on the celestial sphere 17.)Deferent – The name for the perfect circular path, centered on the Earth, on which the Sun, Moon and other planets orbited the Earth in the Geocentric solar system 18.)Destructive Interference – Where the crest of one wave meets the trough of a second wave 19.)Diffraction – The bending of waves around corners or obstacles 20.)Dispersion – The breaking-up of white light into the spectrum of colors 21.)Doppler Effect – The change of wavelength due to the relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer of the wave 22.)Ecliptic – The apparent path of the Sun on the Celestial Sphere 23.)Electromagnetic Spectrum – Know the six major regions of this spectrum. In the order of increasing energy, they are named: Radio, Infared, Visible Lighe, Ultraviolet, X-rays and Gamma Rays 24.)Emission Spectrum – Also called the bright line spectrum, it looks like a series of bright colored lines 25.)Epicycle – Small perfect circles centered on the deferent where planets would move in the geocentric model of the solar system 26.)Equatorial Telescope Mount – A useful mount for a telescope having two reference circles, the declination circle and the right-ascension circle 27.)Extended Objects – Objects that have a discernible area or disk when viewed through a telescope and may benefit from magnification 28.)Finder Telescope – It is usually the shortest accessory telescope, having a wide field of view, low magnificaiotn, and cross hairs 29.)Galileo Galilei – Born in 1564, at Pisa, he was one of the first to make detailed observations of the Moon, new stars, the moons of Jupiter, Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and comets 30.)Geocentric Model – the earth centered model of the solar system 31.)Gravity Wave Telescope – A large aluminum cylinder that vibrates or â€Å"rings† when a gravity wave excites it 32.)Guide Telescope – Often a â€Å"middle-sized† accessory telescope, usually pointed â€Å"off-axis† at a nearby star. The nearby star is used as a reference for position checks during timed exposure photography taken through the main telescope. One looks through the guide telescope to check the reference position of the star and if corrections are needed, then slow-motion corrections to the right ascension and declination dricers are applied to the drive mode. 33.)Heliacal Rising – Occurs on the first day each year when the star can be seen just before dawn. 34.)Heliacal Setting – Occurs on the last day of the year when the star can be seen at dusk. 35.)Heliocentric Model – The Sun-centered model of the solar system. Copernicus wrote of this model in his work, DE REVOLUTIONIBUS ORBIUM COELESTIUM. 36.)Isaac Newton Born on Jan. 4, 1643, at Woolstrhorpe in Lincolnshire we admire him for sharing insight into the Physics of motion and the law of gravity. His interests included astronomy, pure mathematics, optics, chemistry, heat, chronology, and theology. 37.)John Kepler – Born in 1571, at Weil in Wurtemberg, he studied Tycho’s data in a attempt to understand the truemotions of the planets. He developed three laws of motion that we admire today; 1) Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, 2) An imaginary line connecting the planets to the sun will â€Å"sweep out† equal times, or in another way to express it, a planet moves faster in its orbit when closest to the sun and slower when farther away, #0 the square of the orbital of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the average distance from the sun: The third law points out that the planets are larger orbits move more slowly around the sun, a fact implying that the sun-planet force decreases with distance. 39.)Light – Gathering Ability – The amount of light energy a telescope can collect. The larger the aperture of the telescope the more light is collected and the brighter the image. Since the area of a circle is proportional to the square of the lens or mirror diameter, doubling the telescope diameter allows the telescope to gather four times the light energy. 40.)Light Velocity The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum is 300,000,000 meters per second or 186,000 miles per second. 41.)Local Meridian – A line drawn on the celestial sphere, starting at the north celestial pole, passing through the observers zenith point, and continuing down to the southern horizon. When the sun is located on your local meridian, it is noon. 42.)Lunar Cycle – The length of time taken by the Moon to go through its phases. For example; full phase to the next phase. This takes 29  ½ days. 43.)Magnification – The number of times larger an object appears to be when viewed through a telescope as compared to the unaided eye. We can calculate this number by dividing the focal length of the large objective lens (or mirror) by the focal of the eyepiece. The more we magnify an object, the smaller the field of views becomes and the dimmer the field of view becomes. 44.)Mayan Astronomy – Examples of astronomical connections are; angled stonework, color-coded walls, building alignments, stone glyphs, window alignments, number and accurate calendar, etc. 45.)Medicine Wheel – Located in the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming and used by the Blackfoot, it is a seasonal calendar and sun watching station. A large stone cairn marks the central hub of a wheel formed by the alignment of stones as spoke and rim. The alignment of the solstices and prominent helical risings and settings of stars is accomplished by additional stone cairs located around the rim of the wheel. 46.)Month – The year is divided into the 12 lunar months because of the 12 lunar cycles that occur in approximately one year. 47.)Newton’s Law of Gravity – The gravitational force of attraction between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their center of masses. The key ideas here are that the gravitational force is attractive, increases with mass and decreases with distance squared. 48.)Newton’s Laws of Motion – 1) An object at rest, or object moving in a straight line at constant speed, will continue to do so unless acted upon by a external force. 2) The net force acting on an object is equal to the object’s mass times its acceleration. 3) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction between two objects. 49.)Nicholas Copernicus – Born on Feb. 19, 1473 in Prussia, he wrote Commentariolus and De Revolutionibus, expressing his ideas on the Sun- centered of Heliocentric solar system. He thought the motions of the planets in the sky could be explained better by moving the Earth and leaving the Sun stationary. 50.)North Celestial Pole – The intersection of the Earth’s spin axis with the celestial sphere in the northern celestial hemisphere. 51.)Parabola (Paraboloid) – This term describes the curved shape of a telescopic mirror (optical or radio) that focuses all of the light incident on it to one focal point, thus avoiding spherical aberration. 52.)Perihelion – The closest point, between the sun and the planet, in the planets elliptical orbit revolving around the sun. 53.)Photoelectric Effect – Where light of a critical energy (color of wavelength) can force free electrons out of a metal. Increasing the intensity of the light increases the number of free electrons but not their individual energy. 54.)Photons – A wave-packet model of light that can address the wave- particle duality of light. 55.)Point Sources – Astronomical objects that show no disk at high telescope magnification. Examples are most stars, quasars and other objects below the resolution limit of the telescope. 56.)Polaris – The north star today. It is the star closest to the north celestial pole at the current position on the precession circle. 57.)Polarization – This is where the electric waves (for electromagnetic waves) are aligned in one direction after passing through a suitable material. 58.)Precession – The â€Å"wobble† of the Earth’s spin axis of rotation in a 26,000 year cycle. 59.)Prograde Motion – The â€Å"forward† or eastward motion of the planets against the stars of the celestial sphere as observed from Earth. 60.)Ptolemy – He lived around 150AD when he wrote the Almagest, which in turn was largely based on the work of Hipparchus. He describes the Geocentric (earth centered) solar system in this work. 61.)Radial Velocity – The relative velocity along the line of sight between the source of the light and the observer. This is the velocity referred to in the Doppler effect. 62.)Radio Telescope – The main parts of this telescope are; a) reflecting dish antenna, b) low noise receiver, c) amplifier, d) noise standard, and e) recorder. This telescope is used to study the microwave emissions from low energy processes in space. Examples are: molecular masers, star birth, and hydrogen mapping. 63.)Radio Inrerferometer – When two or more radio telescopes are connected together electronically, improving the resolution of the radio source. 64.)Reflection – Light â€Å"†bounces† off a mirror at the same angle that it entered it, independent of the color of the light. 65.)Refracting Telescope – Basically, a telescope that uses a glass lens as the primary objective element. 66.)Refraction – The bending, in the direction of propagation of the light wave, as it passes from one transparent optical material into another transparent material. The speed of light slows when it is traveling in glass. 67.)Resolution – The ability to discern fine detail in an image. The larger the diameter of the lens or mirror, the better the resolution will be 68.)Retrograde Motion – The â€Å"backwards† or westward motion of the planets with respect to the celestial sphere as seen from the Earth. 69.)Revolution – The orbital motion of a planet around the sun. For the Earth, this takes 365.26 days. 70.)Right Ascension – This is a measurement of time along the celestial equator and is one of the coordinate lines used to find a position on the celestial sphere. Once around the equator would take 24 hours. The reference beginning point for right ascension is where the celestial equator crosses the ecliptic in spring. 71.)Rotation – The daily spin on the Earth (or any other planet) on its axis. 72.)Scattering – The absorption and re-emission, diffraction, refraction, and reflection of light as light passes through a planetary atmosphere. Short (blue) waves are scattered more that the longer (red) waves producing a blue sky and red sunsets on Earth. 73.)Schmidt Camera – A sky survey telescopic camera having low magnification, a wide field of view and excellent resolution. 74.)Seeing – A term describing the quality of the night sky for optically observing the stars. Good seeing would generally mean that the sky is clear, steady and dark. 75.)Slow Motion Controls – Mechanical, electrical or electronic correction of the declination and right ascension drives on the telescope. Correction is needed because of misalignment, friction, imbalance and voltage variations in the telescope system. 76.)Spectroscope – An instrument that disperses the light from a source into a spectrum of color. This can be studied to discover the chemical composition of the light source. 77.)Spherical Aberration – A geometrical defect in the shape of a mirror or glass lens that causes the light to come to a â€Å"smeared† or fuzzy focal point. 78.)Supernova of 1054 – Today the remnant of this spectacular stellar explosion is called the Crab Nebulae. The â€Å"Ancient Ones† recorded this event in Chaco Canyon, and we investigated this in class with the aid of astronomy software on the computer. 79.)Telescope Design – Be able to identify the Prime Focus, Newtonian, Schmidt and Cassegranian telescope design for the first exam. 80.)Tycho (Tyge) Brahe – Tycho was born in 1546 at Knedstrup in the Danish province of Scania. The King of Denmark gave him the island of Hveen where he built Uraniborg and Stjerneborg. The made careful observations of the sky with elaborate sighting instruments including a large quadrant and recorded his observations faithfully. 81.)Wave Amplitude – The vertical height of a wave, from the bottom of the wave through to the top of the wave crest. For light, this is related to the brightness or intensity of the light. 82.)Wavelength – The distance between adjacent wave crests. The shorter the wavelength, the bluer the light and the longer the wavelength, the redder the light. The shorter electromagnetic waves also carry more energy per wave than the longer wavelength light waves. 83.)Year – The length of the year can be found by observing the Heliacal risings and setting of stars and by observing the rising and setting points of the sun on the horizon. As the days grow longer, the sun rises further north each morning. 84.)Zenith – The point on the celestial sphere directly above the observers head and opposite the center of the Earth. 85.)Zodiac – The region of the celestial sphere within eighteen degree’s of the ecliptic. This area was special because the wandering stars only traveled in this part of the sky. Research Papers on Common Astronomy Terms and DefinitionsThe Spring and AutumnMind TravelAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Fifth HorsemanThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Essay on Solubility FLR

Essay on Solubility FLR Essay on Solubility FLR I. Which Solute Is More Soluable? II. Introduction: Question: Which two substances (sodium chloride and sodium nitrate) have the most solubility? Hypothesis: If we dissolve the two substances separately in water, then the sodium chloride will dissolve more because the ions in the solid is so strong that only highly polar solvents like water dissolve the sodium chloride well (NaCl). Background Information: Solubility: the rate at which a solute dissolves in a solvent. Saturated: contains as much as can be dissolved in the solvent. Solute: substances that are dissolved in the solvent. Solvent: heterogeneous mixture in which particles are dispersed through a fluid but not dissolved in it. NaCl: (Sodium Chloride) Represents 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride The attraction between the NA+ and the Cl- ions in the solid is so strong that only highly polar solvents like water dissolve NaCl well. When dissolved in water, the sodium chloride framework disintegrates as the Na+ and Cl- ions become surrounded by the polar water molecules. The chloride ions are strongly solvated, each being surrounded by an average of 6 molecules of water. NaNo3: (Sodium Nitrate) White solid, very soluable in water Sodium nitrate is also synthesized industrially by neutralizing nitric acid with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate Sodium nitrate was used extensively as a fertilizer and a raw material for the manufacture of gunpowder in the late 19th century. ****(Information for Sodium Chloride and Sodium Nitrate came from Wikipedia) III. Materials/Illustration: Test Tubes (2-4) Rubber Stoppers (2-4) 10 ml H2O (cold tap water) Graduated Cylinder Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Sodium Nitrate (NaNo3) Test Tube Holder/Rack Scale (Electronic Balance) Scoops Pipette (optional) IV. Variables Independent (manipulated) The substances: Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Sodium Nitrate (NaNo3) Dependent (responding) Grams of Solute Constant (control) Amount of H2O (water), Amount of shakes (80 shakes) V. Procedures: 1. Gather materials (from the materials list) 2. Set up lab on a flat surface as shown in the diagram/illustration. 3. Use the scale (electronic balance; already tared) to weight the container of the Sodium Chloride (NaCl). 4. Record the mass of the container into your data table under â€Å"Initial Mass† for Sodium Chloride. 5. Fill the graduated cylinder with exactly 10 ml. of cold tap water from the sink. After, record the volume into your data table under â€Å"Volume†. 6. Pour the contents (10ml. cold tap water) from the graduated cylinder into one of the test tubes. 7. Using the scoop/scooper, place 2-3 scoops of the Sodium Chloride into the test tube. 8. Use the rubber stopper to cover the top of the test tube. 9. Holding your thumb or finger over the rubber stopper, shake the test tube 80 times. 10. Check the test tube to see if the Sodium Chloride has dissolved by holding the test tube horizontally and rolling it to see if there are any particles left. 11. Repeat steps #7 - #10 until the substance inside the test tube becomes saturated. Meaning, that it contains as much Sodium Chloride as can be dissolved in water. (the Sodium Chloride can no longer be dissolved in the solvent and small particles/grains start to show) 12. Once your substance is saturated, take the container of your Sodium Chloride and place it on the scale (electronic balance; already tared). 13. Record the mass of the container into your data table under â€Å"Final Mass†. 14. Repeat steps #3 - #13 for 2 more trials. 15. Once you are done with all three trials for the Sodium Chloride, Repeat steps #3 – 13 for Sodium Nitrate. VI. Observations and Data: Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Trials

Is early recognition of deterioration in vital observation effective Dissertation

Is early recognition of deterioration in vital observation effective in identifying critically ill patients in hospital - Dissertation Example y evaluate research that describes or appraises the nursing practice of taking and recording physiological observations (Vital signs) in the detection of deteriorating hospital patients. Background. Nurses are required to recognise early clinical deterioration in patients and call emergency support. However, there is increasing recognition that indicators of deterioration in acutely unwell patients are being missed and referral delayed. The reasons for this are unclear and require exploration. Failure to recognize or act on deterioration of hospital ward patients has resulted in the implementation of early warning scoring system and critical care outreach teams. Design. A comprehensive review of the literature. Methods. Critical review as the research methodology was used as the dissertation topic required a comprehensive collection of research evidence. The literature was searched using different sources: such as electronic databases, reference lists, key reports and experts in the field. Medline, CINAHL, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched from January 2001–2011. Ten papers were selected that most clearly reflected the research aim. Each paper was critically appraised and systematically assessed. Major themes and findings were identified for each of the studies. Result. Early warning systems and physiological monitoring processes help ensure the early detection of critical illnesses among patients. Conclusions. Early warning systems with appropriate applications of vital signs and other physiological monitoring processes are crucial tools in the early assessment of critical care patients. Relevance to clinical practice. The studies establish the importance of using early warning systems and physiological monitoring processes to detect symptoms which... The paper tells that vital signs are significant components in monitoring the patient’s progress during hospitalisation as they allow for the timely detection of delayed recovery or adverse events. These vital signs, or patient observations, usually consist of blood pressure, temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate. While the measurement of vital signs has become an accepted component of any hospitalisation, the optimal practice is yet to be determined. A preliminary search of the literature indicated that there were a vast number of published articles relating to this topic; however there had been few previous attempts to review critically this literature. This review was initiated to identify and summarise the best existing evidence relating to the use of vital signs by nurses to monitor hospital patients. The dissertation starts by highlighting and discussing the particular issues surrounding early recognition of deterioration using vital observation by other studies. This has assisted the writer to clarify the dissertation aims, objectives and methods further. The methodology section has provided details of a robust strategy deployed in collecting, organising and analysing secondary qualitative data. This has been followed by the result section where collection of data and discussion of results was carried out in the light of the writer review objectives. Finally in the conclusion section, a summary of the overall findings of the review and implications for NHS policy and future research will be provided.

Education in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education in practice - Essay Example In working with my protg I tried to apply the knowledge I received while getting acquainted with the principles of teaching and learning developed by the most prominent of the contemporary theorists of the psychology of learning. According to the social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura, people learn through the observation of others. Bandura (1977) states: "Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action." (p22). This theory is supported and developed by the social cognitive theory, which emphasizes the importance of beliefs, expectations and self-perception in the learning process. Social cognitive theory distinguishes between enactive and vicarious learning. Enactive learning is learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions (self-regulation of behavior, goal directed behavior, self-monitoring), while vicarious is learning by observing othe rs.(Bandura, 1977). Considering the mechanism of training process described in this theory I used the vicarious learning strategy, giving my student the opportunity to observe how my colleagues and I are dealing with the difficulties we have to face, and introducing her to the problem-solving strategies we are using. I also emphasized the importance of self-control of the learning process for my protg, encouraged her to analyze the outcomes of it and plan it so that she would be able to complete all the needed academic work at a proper level, thus using the enactive learning strategy. According to the Jean Piaget's theory, one of the constructivist perspectives of learning, there are 2 sides of adaptation, adjustment to the new environment - assimilation, which is fitting new information into existing schemes, and accommodation stage, when he/she is altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information the environment provides him/her. According to Piaget cognitive structures change through the processes of adaptation.( Brainerd, 1978) I tried to facilitate the adaptation process for my student, that's why I asked my colleagues to welcome her, explained them that she was coming there to learn, in the student role, and not as just another pair of hands. When my protg finally arrived I explained her I also was learning, and emphasized we had to work in collaboration and negotiate rather than building a mentor-student relations. To help the assimilation process to pass smoothly I introduced the student to the methods of our agency. Abraham Maslow said that humans had the hierarchy of needs, ranging from lower-level needs for survival and safety, to higher-level needs for intellectual achievement and finally self-actualization. According to his studies the higher level needs appeared only when the lower-level needs were satisfied.(Maslow, 1970). It is obvious that when a human being enters a new environment he/she is feeling himself/herself unprotected and endangered,

What Was Ironic About the Rebirth of Theatre in the Medieval Period Essay Example for Free

What Was Ironic About the Rebirth of Theatre in the Medieval Period Essay It is ironic that the Church, which caused theatres to be outlawed as the Roman Empire declined and then fell, was one of the primary means of keeping theatre alive through the Middle Ages. This resulted from the Churchs need to establish itself in the community a community still steeped in pagan ritual and superstition which manifested itself in seasonal festivals. The Church ultimately linked its own religious holidays with these seasonal festivals and began to use dramatic form to illustrate the stories underlying these holidays so as to reinforce their religious connotation and to better communicate the stories to an illiterate congregation. At first the parts played in these simple religious re-enactments of the nativity and adoration of the Magi were played by priests in the sanctuary of the church. However, as the repertoire of the Church grew to include the passion and crucifixion of Christ, the Church was confronted with the dilemma of how a priest should portray Herod. While division of opinion in the Church continued as to the worth of dramatic interpretations, the members of the congregation clearly enjoyed and were moved by them. The dramas continued to grow, moving out of the sanctuary and into the open air in front of the Church. Ultimately, the members of town guilds began to contribute to these dramas, which continued to grow more elaborate with time. Known as passion plays, miracle plays and morality plays, they continued their close connection with the Church and church holidays, but began to introduce elements of stock characters that were more contemporary in nature. With the growth of towns and the introduction of stable governments in Europe, the stage was set for the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Counter-Reformation and the secularization of theatre as it emerged from the influence of the Medieval Church. Ironically it was the church during the Medieval Times that was responsible for the rebirth of theatre. The church and the government at this time were one and the same. Not belonging to the church made you a social outcast. People were illiterate and church services were in Latin. The visual aid of a performance helped the people of the time to better understand the sermons. Mystery plays were based on bible stories such as the birth of Christ. Allegorical morality plays had story lines that were always about man and how he succumb to sin. During performances there were definite mansions (setting) for heaven and hell. The goal of morality plays was to show man what will happen if he continues to live in sin by sending him to hell, but if he changed his life and repent he will go to heaven. Everyman (author unknown) is the best known and one of the very few Medieval plays that survived. The rules for these performances were very strict and had to be approved by the clergy before performed in the church. Eventually the performances moved to outside areas of the church and later to a fixed stage (similar to a stage as we know it today) or a pageant wagon.

Prostitution Should be Legalized :: essays research papers

During the 1700s, New York and Boston women began soliciting their bodies to soldiers stationed in the large cities. These women were mostly European immigrants who were looking for money to support themselves. Prostitution rose in these cities due to rapid urbanization, and an expansion of the male population. So, you may be thinking, â€Å"prostitution is illegal and evil, right?† Well, you are correct, but in my opinion, only by the standards of which you have been living in, which is that prostitution is illegal, and therefore, â€Å"risky business.† In my hometown of Elko, Nevada, population thirty-five thousand, prostitution is legal. People who hear of this tend to think there are scantily clad women on every street corner. I, however, have never seen a prostitute, or haven't noticed her if I did, because they are only allowed, by law, to â€Å"do their business† in a brothel that is in a small section of the town. These brothels are brightly painted, and there are almost no windows in the building. Unlike prostitution that is run in the cities, brothels in my town are run by a management of three or more people, not one pimp. As the customer gets buzzed in to the building, the management checks his identification to make sure he is at a legal age. The customer can then choose between any of the ladies lined up. The prostitute and customer go into a room, and negotiate a price, which is overheard by the management. The amount is anywhere from one hundred to three hundred dollars, the house receiving half. The prostitute receives the other half of the profit. In illegal prostitution, the female usually receives anywhere from six to fifteen percent of the profit off a customer. If she were to make one hundred dollars, she would only get around six to fifteen dollars off it. The pimp would get the rest. Here are another three reasons that prostitution should be legal in the United States. A law was passed in 1986, requiring legal prostitutes to engage in a sexually transmitted disease test every two weeks at the Northeastern Nevada Regional Hospital. If a prostitute is found with a sexually transmitted disease, she is quarantined, until the disease is cured. If the disease cannot be cured, then she is no longer allowed to work, and is put into a home.

Decision-Making Process Mgt 230

Decision-Making Process Michelle Shadinger MGT 230 December 17, 2012 Robert Bloomfield Decision-Making Process We make multiple decisions every day. Some of these decisions are for our personal lives, and some are business decisions. Each decision we make has an outcome, whether favorable or not that we must live with. Some people like to make quick decisions based on their gut reactions and others prefer a methodical approach. Using a step based decision-making process results in better decisions that have a lasting impact . I recently made the decision to return to school after many years of working.I had obtained my Associate’s degree almost 20 years ago and started working for the company where I currently still work. I have wanted to go back to school for many years but as I got married and had children the timing never seemed right. I recently started looking for a new job and discovered a Bachelor’s degree is a requirement for the majority of the positions I want ed to apply for. The more resumes I sent out with no response, the more I knew I had to take action. I knew going to a traditional school was going to be too difficult with my hectic schedule.I started to research colleges that catered to adult learners and found University of Phoenix. I spoke with a counselor at University of Phoenix who answered my questions on the amount of time school takes and how I would pay the tuition. I looked at going to a campus versus online and ultimately decided online would afford me the most flexibility. I prepared for my first class by doing a few things. I discussed my decision with my husband because more of my time would be spent doing schoolwork and I needed his support.I also prepared by attending a free orientation workshop online and I became familiar with the online environment and how the classes worked. I continue to evaluate my decision and feel it was the correct decision. According to our text, the six steps of the decision making proce ss are identifying the problem, generating alternative solutions, evaluating the alternatives, making the choice, implementing the decision, and evaluating the decision (Bateman & Snell, 2011). After reviewing the steps, I realized I followed the steps when I made the decision to return to school.First, I recognized the gap in my education for the jobs I wanted to fill. After identifying the issue, I thought about solutions and how I would obtain my Bachelor’s degree. I evaluated the decision and looked for the best school to achieve my goal. Once I decided to go to University of Phoenix, I had to implement the decision by applying for school and getting myself ready for the first course. As I continue school I evaluate if the decision still makes sense and if the online version is the best way to achieve my educational goals.Generating alternative solutions is the step I could have spent some additional time in and done additional research on colleges and compared the school s. I heard about University of Phoenix and knew others who had attended so I did not do much research on what other schools had to offer. Overall, I am happy with my decision to go back to school and my choice of college. References Bateman, T. S. , & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading & collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Discuss Emma from Jane Austen s’ ‘Emma’ Essay

Emma is a well know novel written by Jane Austen, it’s based on the woman`s status at that time period and on the concept of the Augustan era. Jane Austen wrote Emma in the time period of when she grew up, It Took Jane Austen 15 Months to Write Emma. This Novel helps us understand the status of a woman at that time when women weren’t allowed to vote, wasn`t entitled to substandard education and were limited to housework. Jane Austen is trying to explain to us that in those days women had two choices to get married or to become a governess, and by understanding the way society was at the time, it will help us appreciate Emma. Jane Austen only wrote 6 novels and 5 of them are based on young women whose chances of marriage were very dependent on their status in society. However, Emma was different; she was her own woman who didn’t see the need in having to marry. The Character of Emma â€Å"with an alacrity beyond the common impulse of a spirit†¦ with the real good-will of a mind delighted with its own ideas† (Chapter 3, Page 15) was different from other women at that time, Jane Fairfax & Harriet Smith Play a big part in The noel, they are used manipulatively as clever devices to show that Emma`s ideas were not only based on reality but her own ideas that she decided herself. Jane Austen makes it clear to us from beginning of the novel that Emma is not a character that compiles with the flaws of her century. Emma is Strong-witted and can be very arrogant towards other people, she is also patronizing and presumptuous. She isn’t a typical woman of her status at her time as women`s lives were very quite controlled and restricted at the time of Jane Austen. The Novel Emma gives us the insight on Jane Austen`s Feelings and point of view on women living in that era. It Changes Emma from being a typical young woman of her time to her own woman who makes her own decisions and isn’t worried about the consequences. Although these flaws make Emma unique and independent and can be praised, they can also be criticized â€Å"Was one of the few people who could see faults in Emma Woodhouse, and the only one who ever told her of them, and tough this was not particularly agreeable to Emma† (Page 5) Emma seems very strong-witted, confident and proud of herself and doesn’t like to be criticized unlike most of the other woman of her time. Out of all Jane Austen’s Heroines, Emma is the most flawed and frustrating but in the end is the most endearing. As a character Emma matures towards the end and realises the folly and misguidance of her actions towards other people. At the beginning of the novel Emma Likes To Think Of Herself as independent and doesn’t want to marry this could be because she`s comfortable with her status in society. We are made to think that Emma is a selfish young woman who is proud of herself and feels no need to marry. Later on in the novel we begin to realize that Emma`s match-making and interfering is causing no good and Emma Realizes this too. She then comes to realize her feelings for Mr. Knightly and starts to see the possibility that she needs to marry. There`s a lot of irony in Emma`s beliefs as she is the centre of everyone`s attention and interferes in other peoples relationships so much that she doesn’t realize her feelings for Mr. Knightly. Mr. Knightly is the only person in the whole novel that criticizes Emma other characters don’t really talk much about Emma except chapter 5 were Mr. Knightly and Mrs. Weston Discuss Emma. Emma thinks of herself completely different what others think of her, this also makes the novel more ironic. Emma thinks so highly of herself she doesn’t take any notice of what others might think this is a very cleaver device that Jane Austen uses. Emma and Harriet become friends so Emma tries to fins Harriet a husband that she thinks will be suitable. Emma doesn’t take any notice that Harriet if from a different class to her and looks for a husband for Harriet of her own class. Emma also carelessly starts a rumour about Jane Fairfax whilst flirting with Frank Churchill. However, Emma doesn’t do this on purpose and towards the end of the play Jane Austen shows us that Emma learns from her mistakes. Emma has many weaknesses and one of them just as Mr. Knightly had predicted â€Å"She will never submit to anything requiring industry and patience and a subjection of the fancy to the understanding† (Volume 1, Chapter 5). Emma is the cleverest in her family and is idolized by a lot of Highbury, this may be why she is so confident and convinced that she`s always right. Emma always seems to see the need to reshape things to suit herself this shows that Emma`s imagination has too much impact on her actions. Jane Austen makes it clear to us that Emma has a lot of imagination and this causes a lot of problems. Mr. Knightly states that imagination is nonsense; this is ironic as it opposes â€Å"sense† against â€Å"imagination† Jane Austen lets poetic justice take place in the novel towards the disclosure at the end, as this shows the procedure Emma needs to go through and the developments that need to be made in order to get the ‘perfect ending’. There were quite a few times in the novel when Jane Austen made Emma go through emotional and frustrating situations, which had been caused by herself, in these situations Emma, had to look back on her actions and be remorseful. Jane Austen shows us that the greatest threat to achieving happiness is ourselves. Towards the ending of the novel, there are quite a few examples when Emma has to me sorry for her actions. Mr. Knightly rebukes Emma for her bad-mannered conduct towards Miss Bates and Box Hill, He says, â€Å"I will tell you truths while I can†, she was â€Å"vexed beyond what could have been expressed,† and then she weeps. â€Å"Emma felt the tears running down her cheeks almost all the way home, without being at any trouble to check them, extraordinary as they were† (Page 376)Because Emma is crying this shows that she is starting to realize her mistakes and that she is feeling pain. It is only when something bad happens when Emma reacts to her bad actions, and when she realizes that she may lose Mr. Knightly she changes â€Å"†¦My blindness to what was going on, led me to act in a way that I must always be ashamed of, and I was very foolishly tempted to say and do many things which may well lay me open to unpleasant conjectures†. This shows that Emma feels embarrassed and humiliated and realizes her faults and mistakes and tries to fix them. We begin to see that Emma is slowly changing from being strong-witted, proud of herself, patronizing and confident to a more compassionate and honest character. Jane Austen has Emma go on an emotional rollercoaster towards the ending to create the ‘perfect happiness’ through poetic justice. In the end Emma is rewarded with the ‘perfect happiness’ and not the punishment she is afraid to get. We admire Emma as a character because of her flaws at the beginning and how they were changing throughout the novel, towards the end of the play she realizes her faults and mistakes and tries to fix them and changes her ways. Towards the ending we begin to see the more compassionate and honest side of Emma that wants to help people rather than the patronizing and self absorbed Emma she was in the beginning. This helps us appreciate Emma and lets us see that she has learnt from her mistakes and that she is maturing. Emma isn’t a typical woman of her time and tha`s why we love her because of her imperfections and her mistakes and the way she is able to turn things around to get her ‘perfect happiness’ that she has being searching for.

Du pont Co Essays

Du pont Co Essays Du pont Co Essay Du pont Co Essay However, between 1969 a ND 1972, an new environmental protection legislation was enacted and quire the company that use sulfate to spend more on produced wastes. Meanwhile, retile ore, the feedstock of chloride process, also in shortage, which cause the increase Of the price Of retile ore. The increasing cost on both processes will cause the price oft to increase. Meanwhile, the De valuation of US dollars will also affect the import. Under this market change, all companies that produce Tie would focus more on developing the limonite process or improving other two processes to be more environmentally friendly and profitable. The main weakness of Du Points competitors, also the main strength of Du Pont, is that Du Pont is the only company that has the operational knowledge to make production economically viable. Moreover, the main competitor of Du Pont, NIL industry, was less profitable than Du Pont and rely more on debt to finance its growth. Therefore, NIL industry is more financially sensitive to market change than Du Pont is. Also, because Tie is the second smallest division of Du Points total sales, the market change of Tie market will not affect too much on its earnings while NIL rely on Tie for almost one quarter of its total sales. 2. Maintain strategy: The main advantages of maintain strategy is that the capital expenditure will be much less than growth strategy does. Therefore, the company will perform well on its balance sheet and income statement by decreasing its debt. The main disadvantages of maintain strategy is that the market share will maintain 45% in the future and will not grow continuously. This will limit the total capacity it produced and its futz ere development. 3. Growth strategy: The main advantage of growth strategy is that it will increase the market share of Tie production rapidly and its total capacity. Due to the increasing need oft in the future, this will help the company to gain more profits and be able to finance its capital expenditure. Moreover, other division of Du Pont and its investments on financial market are also able to help the Tie and pigment division to provide necessary fund in early period. Also, by exercising three tactics of the strategy, especially limit the licensing of limonite chloride process to Its competitor, the company is able to limit its competitors production and expansion. The main disadvantage of growth strategy is that the capital expenditure would reach 500 million dollars in 1985 and there is risk that the pigment division cannot finance such a high expense during its expansion. 4. The main reason for Du Pont to lower the price of Tie if choosing growth strategy is that it is an efficient way to gain market shares faster than other company. By lowering the pence, 3 pigment that made by Tie would be more attractive than other companies. Therefore, the total capacity of Tie will increase rapidly and would help the growth of Du P onto Company. 5. 4 5 6. 6 Terminal value in 1984 of maintains strategy is calculated as cash flow o firm in 1985 / (cost of capital growth rate). According to the spreadsheet, the cash flow to firm in 1985 is 21. 14. The cost Of capital is 12%. According to the note of Exhibit 4, the demand oft is growing at a rate of 3%. However, it is not considered to be very sensitive to price. In this case, the sales and cash flow should also grow at a rate of 3%. Therefore, the terminal value in 1984 equals to 21. 14/ ( 234. 89 Terminal value in 1984 of growth strategy is calculated as the same as of terminal value. According to the spreadsheet, the cash flow to firm is 56. 73. The cost of capital is 12%. The annual growth rate is 3%. Therefore, the terminal value in 1984 equals to 630. 33. 7. For calculating the rate of return of growth strategy, we decide to use the incremental capital expenditure on new capacity as the initial investment. Because it is a well managed, high profits company and has a high longer AAA bond rating; we also decide to use the return rate of AAA corporate bonds as the discount rate, which is 7. 2%. The initial investment could be calculated by using UP of incur mental capital expenditure on new capacity from 1973 to 1985, which equals to 185. 93. By calculating the UP of incremental cash flow from 1973 to 1985, we have the discounted cash flow, which is 12. 13. 12. 13 also represents the NAP of growth strategy. By using the equation of NAP INITIAL INVESTMENT+CB/AIR, the AIR is equal to 6. 52%. For calculating the rate of return of maintain strategy, we using the same method as the growth strategy did. The Initial investment is 111. 56. The discounted cash flow is 7. 97. 7. 97 is also represents the NAP of maintain strategy. Of NAP = INITIAL INVESTMENT+CB/AIR, the AIR is equal to 7. 14%. 7 8 By using the equation When evaluating the maintain strategy and growth strategy, we find out that the maintain strategy is more risky than growth strategy. The AIR by using maintain strategy, which is 7. 14% , is higher than AIR of growth strategy, which is 6. 52% . However, because the NAP of growth strategy (12. 13) is much higher than maintain strategy (7. 97) , we cannot use only AIR to determine which strategy is more risky. By considering that the NAP of growth strategy is 12. 13 , the growth strategy is more attractive. Also, the cash flow of growth strategy generated is also higher than maintain strategy, which means that the fund of growth strategy is more liquid than maintain strategy. In this case, although using growth strategy could cause temporary lack of operating fund, it is an efficient strategy for company to gain more market shares and benefits the company in long terms. According to exhibit 1 , it also performs well on rate of return on equity before 1972, which has more than 10% annually. It indicates that Du Pont is able to finance the increasing capital expenditure by using its profits in previous years. In this case, growth strategy is the best strategy for the company to ad opt.

5 Pillars of Archaeological Method

5 Pillars of Archaeological Method I was horrified at hearing of the rough shoveling out of the contents and protested that the earth ought to be pared away inch by inch to see all that was in it, and how it lay. WM Flinders Petrie, describing how he felt at eight years of age, on seeing the excavation of a Roman villa. Between 1860 and the turn of the century, five basic pillars of scientific archaeology were enunciated: the ever growing importance of stratigraphic excavation; the significance of the small find and plain artifact; the diligent use of field notes, photography and plan maps to record excavation processes; the publication of results; and the rudiments of cooperative excavation and indigenous rights. The Big Dig Undoubtedly the first move in all of these directions included the invention of the big dig. Up until that point, most excavations were haphazard, driven by the recovery of single artifacts, generally for private or state museums. But when Italian archaeologist Guiseppe Fiorelli [1823-1896] took over the excavations at Pompeii in 1860, he began excavating entire room blocks, keeping track of stratigraphic layers, and preserving many features in place. Fiorelli believed that the art and artifacts were of secondary importance to the real purpose for excavating Pompeiito learn about the city itself and all its inhabitants, rich and poor. And, most critical for the growth of the discipline, Fiorelli began a school for archaeological methods, passing along his strategies to Italians and foreigners alike. It cant be said that Fiorelli invented the concept of the big dig. German archaeologist Ernst Curtius [1814-1896] had been attempting to amass funds for an extensive excavation since 1852, and by 1875 began excavating at Olympia. Like many sites in the classical world, the Greek site of Olympia had been the subject of much interest, especially its statuary, which found its way into museums all over Europe. When Curtius came to work at Olympia, it was under the terms of a negotiated deal between the German and Greek governments. None of the artifacts would leave Greece (except for duplicates). A small museum would be built on the grounds. And the German government could recoup the costs of the big dig by selling reproductions. The costs were indeed horrific, and German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was forced to terminate the excavations in 1880, but the seeds of cooperative scientific investigations had been planted. So had the seeds of political influence in archaeology, which were to profoundly affect the young science during the early years of the 20th century. Scientific Methods The real increases in techniques and methodology of what we think of as modern archaeology were primarily the work of three Europeans: Schliemann, Pitt-Rivers, and Petrie. Although Heinrich Schliemanns [1822-1890] early techniques are today often disparaged as not much better than a treasure-hunter, by the latter years of his work at the site of Troy, he took on a German assistant, Wilhelm DÃ ¶rpfeld [1853-1940], who had worked at Olympia with Curtius. DÃ ¶rpfelds influence on Schliemann led to refinements in his technique and, by the end of his career, Schliemann carefully recorded his excavations, preserved the ordinary along with the extraordinary, and was prompt about publishing his reports. A military man who spent a great deal of his early career studying the improvement of British fire-arms, Augustus Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers [1827-1900] brought military precision and rigor to his archaeological excavations. He spent a not-inconsiderable inheritance building the first extensive comparative artifact collection, including contemporary ethnographic materials. His collection was decidedly not for beautys sake; as he quoted T.H. Huxley: The word importance ought to be struck out of scientific dictionaries; that which is important is that which is persistent. Chronological Methods William Matthew Flinders Petrie [1853-1942], known most for the dating technique he invented known as seriation or sequence dating, also held high standards of excavation technique. Petrie recognized the inherent problems with large excavations, and assiduously planned them out ahead of time. A generation younger than Schliemann and Pitt-Rivers, Petrie was able to apply the basics of stratigraphic excavation and comparative artifact analysis to his own work. He synchronized the occupation levels at Tell el-Hesi with Egyptian dynastic data, and was able to successfully develop an absolute chronology for sixty feet of occupational debris. Petrie, like Schliemann and Pitt-Rivers, published his excavation findings in detail. While the revolutionary concepts of archaeological technique advocated by these scholars gained acceptance slowly around the world, there is no doubt that without them, it would have been a much longer wait. Sources A bibliography of the history of archaeology has been assembled for this project. History of Archaeology Part 1: The First ArchaeologistsPart 2: The Effects of the EnlightenmentPart 3: Is the Bible Fact or Fiction?Part 4: The Astounding Effects of Orderly MenPart 5: The Five Pillars of Archaeological Method Bibliography

Paper 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Paper 3 - Essay Example Therefore according to the engineering code of conduct, such a scenario falls under the technical coordination, the behavioral responses and drawing up conclusions based on the cultural knowledge. Therefore, the actions that I will most likely take are based on placing at heart the issue of quality control and in accordance to the context of the engineer’s code of conduct. In accordance to the above engineering case study, the applicability of the code of ethics and consideration of engineering as a social experiment comes out clearly. For instance, according to the ASCE code of standards, engineers are supposed to take actions based on the social and ethical responsibility and within the context of divergent cultures. Therefore the actions that were likely taken and also that were least likely to be taken were based on the fact that engineers have a moral responsibility to ensure improved safety and societal conditions and also take actions regardless of the diversity of the engineering setting case presented. Therefore in accordance to the responses and the case study presented, it is clear that the issues of ethical, social responsibility and regulations difference

Assignment for Art Humanities class Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For Art Humanities class - Assignment Example Other images show kissing between married people as unclean, even when legalized by the matrimony. Though kissing can have other meanings, such as the kiss of peace and the mythical kiss, the Church related kissing to immorality because of its physical gratification aspect. The author presents a compelling argument regarding the treatment of desire in the medieval times. His use of descriptive language specifically helped understand the meaning of kissing images in art and literature. His analyses offer insight on how the Church used the dichotomy between right/wrong, and spirit/body, to further divide the male and female gender and ascribe inferiority to the latter. Thus, kissing has been connected to sin, where the female sex invokes sin among men. This shows that women were characterized as temptresses, whose whorish abilities must be controlled and fought. The Production of the Orient in Said’s â€Å"Orientalism† In â€Å"Orientalism,† Said argues that the Or ient is a product of European imagination and demand for domination through imperialism. He stresses that Europe gains from defining the Orient as â€Å"the Other† because it justifies its control over its people and resources. Furthermore, when Said talks of Orientalist discourse, he pertains to socio-economic and political institutions that reinforce Eurocentricism. Orientalist discourse is not about the Orient as its natives believe it to be, but how Britain, France, and America want to see and discuss the Orient. The difference between what is and what the powers want something to be is related to Camille’s analysis of the Kiss. The Church thinks that the Kiss is inherently evil because of its sexual consequences. In the same line of thinking, Said sees Orientalism as man-made, specifically, produced by imperialist rulers. They manufactured Orientalism for their own purposes, in the same way that the Church generates images of the kiss for its own intentions. The C hurch and the white empires both want to control people through their literature and arts. They similarly impose their will on the powerless, so that the former can maintain and expand their powers. Like Camille, Said performs a visual analysis on Orientalist literature. These images indicate the loss of the Orient to the much more powerful and superior West. Thus, Said argues that the West did not only control the Orient through its political structures, but more so, through shaping its cultural norms and symbols. Not Fury, but Calmness in Freud’s â€Å"The Moses of Michelangelo† In Totem, Taboo, and other Works, Freud interprets the Moses statue of Michelangelo in his essay, â€Å"The Moses of Michelangelo.† He disregards common artistic interpretations that Moses is about to spring into action and the tablets are almost slipping from his left hand. Instead, he believes more in the analysis of Thode, that by virtue of Moses’s position in an array of scu lptures and the actual muscle tensions in his body, Moses is in a state of perpetual wrath, but not ready to perform any immediate action. Freud thinks that Moses is not preserved for a historical event, but as a character whose experiences have aroused inner feelings of anger and

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Marketing - Essay Example Just low fares would not attract the required customer level, and so value for money is another objective of Southwest Airlines. So though the service offered is a no frills one, Southwest Airlines has targeted excellence in customer service to provide an extra boost to the value of the service. This has paid rich dividends, as can be seen from the accolades that Southwest Airlines has received consistently received, and is the only business enterprise in its sector of industry to do so. The Fortune magazine in its annual ratings has consistently placed Southwest Airlines among the most admired companies in the United States of America. In essence it is the understanding, and utilization of the human asset in an organization that provides the capacity to an organization to maintain low cost levels in its operation. This factor of this strength of the human asset in Southwest Airlines enables it not just to maintain low cost levels, but also to meet the challenges that come with adverse times. Southwest Airlines has employee strength of approximately thirty-two thousand, and in keeping with the philosophy of their founder Kelleher, remain an asset that is accorded the highest priority. Kelleher believed that a high employee morale, reduces employee turnover, and that helps to maintain low costs. The employees of Southwest Airlines enjoy facilities of profit sharing and stock purchases, and are encouraged to make the working environment more pleasurable. The result of these actions could be seen in the aftermath of the September 2001, when the airline industry went through a crisis. The support of the employees enabl ed Southwest Airlines to be the only airline that did not cut the number of its flights and lay-off employees, and surprisingly offer lower fares too, despite the sharp drop in passenger traffic. By November of that year, while the airline industry reported a drop of sixteen percent in comparison to the previous year,

Lab report Essay Example for Free

Lab report Essay Osmosis is a process that occurs at a cellular level that entails the spontaneous net movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration in order to equalize the level of water in each region. Involved in this process are hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions. A hypotonic solution is one with a lower osmotic pressure, indicating that the net movement of water moves into the said solution whereas a hypertonic solution is one with a higher osmotic pressure, thus the net movement of water will be leaving the hypertonic solution. Lastly, an isotonic solution entails no net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane as the two substances involved display osmotic equilibrium. AIM To observe the effect of solutions different levels of NaCl concentration on potatoes, considering the process of osmosis METHOD (see ‘Potato Osmosis’ – exercise document) Generally rigid in structure although slightly bendy Pale yellow in colour Moist All strips appear the same/similar in structure and size at this point Observations – Post-Extraction Strips immersed in 1. 0M NaCl Solution are very soggy, soft and appear shrunken Strips immersed in 100% H2O are very rigid, swollen, turgid and appear larger/longer they are slightly bent and cannot be straightened due to their rigidity Strips become progressively soggier as the solutions they are immersed in are higher in concentration of NaCl (Fig. 2) Potato strips from the same potato arranged in  descending order of concentration to demonstrate the differences in structure post-extraction. Thus, we can state that there appears to be a negative correlation between NaCl concentration and the mass and length of the potato strips, clearly evident in the above graph which shows an exponential decrease in both mass and length. This can also be initially seen in the post-extraction observations  where it is evident that the potato strips immersed in lower NaCl concentration were far more turgid than those immersed in 100% NaCl solution which were flacid and fragile (see strip-comparison in Fig. 2). This occurrence can be explained through the process of osmosis. As mentioned in the introduction, a hypertonic solution is one with higher osmotic pressure meaning that the net movement of water leaves the solution. This would explain the physical changes – the increase in mass and length as well as the increase in turgidity in the potato strips immersed in 100% H2O solutions or low NaCl-concentration solutions. Since the solution it is submerged in is higher in concentration in water molecules, or hypertonic, the water molecules will diffuse into the area of lower H2O-concentration (the potato strip) in order to achieve equilibrium. Alternatively, the decrease in mass and length in the potato strips submerged in highly concentrated NaCl solutions can be explained by its immersion in a hypotonic solution. Hypertonic solutions, as mentioned Potato Osmosis Biology SL ATh before, are described as those with lower osmotic pressure, indicating that the net movement of water moves into the solution. Therefore, as NaCl solution is less concentrated in H2O molecules than the potato strips, the decrease in mass and length and loss of turgidity results from the net movement of water leaving the potato strips, which is higher in osmotic pressure, and diffusing into the solution. Nevertheless, there are several possible sources of error that could have greatly or negligibly affected the outcome of the experiment. First, we must note the varying external factors resulting from an uncontrolled environment – the biology classroom. Primarily, these would include varying temperatures and humidity which could potentially affect the rate of osmosis as increased temperature results in increased diffusion while increased humidity results in an increased number of water molecules. Secondly, we must note the human errors involved, for example, miscalculations in experimental preparations. These would include the miscalculation of solutions leading to an inaccurate concentration of NaCl as well as the possibility of impurities in the NaCl concoction in the first place while imprecise cutting of the potato strips could’ve affected the surface area and thus the rate of osmosis. This leads us to the errors resulting from variances in the substances used. As already discussed previously, differences in surface area of each potato strip caused by imprecise cutting as well as the marks (lines and notches) imprinted would’ve affected the rate of osmosis while the concentration gradient between each potato strip is likely to differ as well. This stems from the differences in water content of each potato, as, for example, a potato with high water concentration in highly concentrated NaCl solution would have a faster rate of erosion. Further affecting factors could include barriers to diffusion such as the size of pores which would also determine the rate of osmosis. All the mentioned errors above hold the possibility of skewing the data. Subsequently, such errors could have an effect on the reliability of the results. The level of accuracy which has been used throughout this investigation would come into question as a combination of these errors would not permit such precision. Values of percentage change have been taken at two decimal places corresponding with the actual values of mass and length, however, this could be seen as far too precise. A better option would have been to take percentage change as whole numbers or at one decimal place. Nevertheless, we attempted to reduce the potential errors through several measures. With surface area, a cork borer was used in order to uniform the size of the potato strips while the varying concentration gradients were controlled through the completion of several trials (three trials with three potatoes) in order to limit error. Furthermore, to control the effects of the external environment, foil was secured over the beaker containing the submerged potato strips. However, if we refer to the graph, we can see the minimum and maximum spread for each data-point is generally close-set while the R2 value, which calculates the spread of the datapoints from the line of best fit, are both relatively high – both around 0. 9. This demonstrable trend indicates a limiting of the amount of error, and thus fairly reliable results despite possible errors. Overall, the results  ultimately seem reliable although it might’ve been even more reliable by reducing the level of precision (decimal places) when recording it. Ultimately, potential improvements will stem from attempting to reduce the amount of error in this investigation, particularly involving controlling the external environment and the miscalculations. To control the external affecting factors, the solution containing the potato strips can be kept overnight instead in a controlled environment with consistent temperatures and humidity. Limiting the human error would be difficult and time-consuming as this would involve Potato Osmosis Biology SL ATh highly-precise instruments or even more focus dedication from the experimenter during preparation. Finally, nothing can be done to uniform the response of the materials used, thus the completion of even more trials limits the potential error and allows the formation of generalizations. Despite the improvements proposed, those relating to limiting human error and completing more trials may prove to be futile as they are not only time-consuming, but the demonstrable trends resulting from this experiment indicate that no further improvements are necessary to reach the desired conclusion. Having established that there is no real need to pursue drastic improvements for the initial experiment, we can now proceed to discuss possible extensions to the investigation. While we already know the results of osmosis on a potato, we may now wish to better understand it. This can be done by recording the progress of the potato’s transformation either (a) over a period of time (perhaps 24 hours) or (b) until it has reached the point of equilibrium. The mapping of this progress would involve the periodic removal of the samples in order to measure its mass and length, after which it can be compiled into a graph to chart the transformation under osmosis. Alternatively, we could compare the progress of a potato to another type of vegetable or fruit in order to ascertain water content of each. Lastly, the submerged potato strips may be subjected to different kinds of environment, particularly, varying humidity and temperature, without the protection of a foil cap. This would reveal how much of an impact environmental factors would have on the osmotic process and how would the effects manifest. In relation to the question of the sailor, this could represent the life-span one would expect when trapped in certain climates.

Early Prevention is Key in Reducing Bullying at an Earlier Age Essay

Early Prevention is Key in Reducing Bullying at an Earlier Age Starting at very young ages there are bullies. They develop early and often never grow out of that stage, but rather it just increases with time and age so the crimes become more serious. This is why it is necessary to target children with their unkind or violent tendencies before it gets out of control. Children usually turn into bullies for reasons such as craving attention, wanting power, low self-esteem, inability to control anger, revenge, or even to be popular. Popularity comes to bullies in grade school because students who like and are liked by the bully will most likely not be bothered, so it becomes a safety issue. With this last point especially, it just encourages the bullying to continue. Victims of bullies usually have something unique about them that may seem like a reason to be ridiculed. This includes things as simple as having braces or glasses, being very shy, or even for being what students may consider to be 'too smart.' Not only are bullies the ones who grow up to cause problems, but the victims do as well. If a child is constantly picked on and made fun of, their self-esteem could plummet. This could cause them to turn into a bully just so as not to be bullied anymore, or they could be driven to innumerable actions that could very well affect schools. There was a case of an extremely intelligent boy named Nathan who was also overweight. He thought that once he entered middle school the kids would have grown up and he would meet new and nicer people. It turned out that it only got worse in middle school and he was pushed beyond his limit. He took a gun to school one day and shot himself in front of the other students (... ...etrieved April 22, 2009 from http://www.libertarianrock.com/topics/school/no_drug_test_after_fighting.html Zewe, C. (2008, August 4). Violent schools: perception or reality? Retrieved April 23, 2002 from http://www.cnn.com/US/9808/24/school.violence/ Jane?s Information Group (2001, April 19). Responding to school shootings. Retrieved May 2, 2002 from http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jssh/jssh020429_1_n.shtml Information about the recent mass shooting in a German school by a 19 year old boy. Lemonick, M. D., Wallace, C. P. (2002, May 6). Germany?s columbine. Time, 36. Retrieved April 28, 2002 from Ebscohost. Kyl, J. (2008, June 1). American needs to jumpstart the war on drugs. Inside Tucson Business 8(10), 5. Retrieved April 28, 2002 from Ebscohost. Statistics on drug usage in high schools, showing we need to help it.

The Treatment Of Eating Disorders Health And Social Care Essay

Eating upsets are characterized by forms of perturbations in eating behavior frequently accompanied by feelings of hurt and/or concern about organic structure weight or form. Anorexia Nervosa ( AN ) , Bulimia Nervosa ( BN ) , Eating Disorders-Not Otherwise Specified ( ED-NOS ) are three classs by which eating upsets identified. The American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) ( 1994 ) foremost identified Binge Eating Disorder ( BED ) as a probationary feeding upset diagnosing in the DSM-IV. BED is frequently classified under the â€Å" catch all † of the ED-NOS diagnosing. The DSM-IV-TR ( APA, 2000 ) standard for AN, BN, and BED are listed in Table 1. Eating upsets have frequently been noted as one of the most hard psychiatric conditions to handle and hold been associated with increased mortality and self-destruction rates ( Crow et al. , 2009 ) . Other physical and psychosocial wellness effects include but are non limited to limb and joint hurting, concern, GI jobs, catamenial jobs, shortness of breath, thorax hurting, anxiousness, depressive symptoms, and substance maltreatment ( Johnson, Spitzer, Williams, 2001 ) . Despite legion co-morbid conditions, effectual behavioral and pharmacological interventions for eating upsets have been established. For illustration, family-based therapy ( i.e. , Maudsley Approach ) is deriving acknowledgment as an evidenced-based intervention for striplings with AN ( Wilson, Grilo, & A ; Vitousek, 2007 ) in both joint household Sessionss ( Lock, Agras, Bryson, & A ; Kraemer, 2005 ) and in â€Å" detached † format where person with AN and her household attend separate Sessionss ( Eisler et a l. , 2000 ) . Additionally, cognitive-behavior therapy ( CBT ; Hay, Bacaltchuk, & A ; Stefano, 2009 ) , dialectical-behavior therapy ( DBT ; Chen et al. , 2008 ) , and interpersonal therapy ( IPT ; Fairburn, 1997 ) have been successful in the intervention of BN. Research tends to back up CBT as the intervention of pick for both BN and BED ( Hay, Bacaltchuk, Stefano, 2004 ) . Table 1. DSM-IV-TR diagnostic standards for AN, BN, BED.Anorexia NervosaRefusal to keep organic structure weight at or above what is normal weight for age and tallness ( i.e. , & gt ; 85 % of what is expected ) . Intense fright of deriving weight or going fat, even though scraggy. Perturbation in the manner in which 1 ‘s organic structure weight or form is experienced, undue influence of organic structure weight or form on self-evaluation, or denial of the earnestness of the current low organic structure weight. In postmenarcheal female, amenorrhoea ( i.e. , absence of 3 back-to-back catamenial rhythms ) . Specify Type: Restricting Type – During current episode of AN, person does non regularly engage in binge-eating or purging behaviour. Binge-Eating/Purging Type – During current episode of AN, the individual has on a regular basis engaged in binge-eating or purging behaviour.Bulimia NervosaPerennial orgy eating episodes. Characterized by: 1 ) feeding, in a distinct period of clip ( e.g. , within a 2-hour period ) , an sum of nutrient that is larger than most would eat in a similar period of clip under similar fortunes and 2 ) a sense of deficiency of control over eating during the episode ( e.g. , a feeling that one can non halt eating or command what or how much one is eating ) . Recurrent purging/compensatory weight loss steps in order to forestall weight addition. Binge feeding and purging/compensatory behaviours present at least 2 times a hebdomad for 3 months. Self-image inexcusably influenced by organic structure weight and form. Absence of Anorexia Nervosa. Specify Type: Purging Type – During current episode of BN, the person has engaged in self-induced emesis or the abuse of laxatives, water pills, or clyster. Nonpurging Type – During the current episode of BN, the individual has used other inappropriate compensatory behaviours, such as fasting or inordinate exercising, but has non engaged in self-induced emesis or the abuse of laxatives, water pills, or clyster.Binge Eating DisorderRecuring orgy eating episodes. Characterized by: 1 ) feeding, in a distinct period of clip ( e.g. , within a 2-hour period ) , an sum of nutrient that is larger than most would eat in a similar period of clip under similar fortunes and 2 ) a sense of deficiency of control over eating during the episode ( e.g. , a feeling that one can non halt eating or command what or how much one is eating ) . The binge-eating episodes are associated with 3 or more of the followers: 1 ) eating more quickly than normal, 2 ) feeding until experiencing uncomfortably full, 3 ) eating big sums of nutrient when non physically hungry, 4 ) eating entirely because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating, 5 ) feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or really guilty after gorging. Marked hurt environing orgy feeding. The orgy feeding occurs, on norm, at least 2 yearss a hebdomad for 6 months. The orgy feeding is non associated with the regular usage of inappropriate compensatory behaviours ( e.g. , purge, fasting, inordinate exercising ) and does non happen entirely during the class of ANor BN. Pharmacological interventions have been used in concurrence with behavioural intervention or entirely ( Zhu & A ; Walsh, 2002 ) in the intervention of eating upsets. Research supports pharmacological intervention for persons with BN and BED ( Bacaltchuck, 2000 ) . Specifically, antidepressants have been found to hold short-run benefit in the decrease of binging and purge behaviours ( Walsh et al, 2000 ; McElroy et Al, 2003 ) . Unfortunately, pharmacological intervention tends to hold high disobedience rates and backsliding is frequently frequent ( Becker, 2003 ) . Presently, there is no empirical support for the usage of antidepressants among persons with AN ( Wilson, Grilo, Vitousek, 2007 ) . Behavioral and pharmacological interventions are most frequently used in combination with another in handling eating upsets due to legion co-morbid conditions. Unfortunately, the aforesaid behavioural interventions have a figure of restrictions when delivered outside a forte scene ( e.g. , outpatient mental wellness clinic, inpatient eating upset centre ) . For illustration, the bringing of family-based therapy for AN requires 10-20 hour- long household Sessionss over a 6-12 month period ( Lock, le Grange, Agras, & A ; Dare, 2001 ) , and manualized CBT for BN requires 15-20 Sessionss over five months ( Fairburn, 1989 ; 1993 ) . Treatments for AN and BN are non merely drawn-out and dearly-won, but eating upset forte suppliers are limited, and persons with feeding upsets are frequently immune to specialty attention ( Fairburn & A ; Carter, 1996 ) . Additionally, merely a little part of persons with feeding upsets are treated in mental health care ( Hoek & A ; van Hoeken, 2003 ) and are more likely to show with feeding disordered symptoms in a primary attention puting ( Hoek, 2006 ) . While primary attention doctors frequently recommend forte intervention on claim signifiers, there is small follow- through with referrals ( Hach et al. , 2005 ; 2003 ) . Therefore, the primary attention scene is frequently the chief intervention installation for those with a life-time eating upset diagnosing ( Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, & A ; Kessler, 2007 ) . Due to the fast-paced nature of a primary attention scene, interventions need to be brief, cost-efficient, and executable in application for bing staff. Therefore, development and designation of brief, effectual intercessions for eating upsets are necessary. A figure of surveies have tested the efficaciousness of specific brief intercessions for AN, BN, and BED outside of primary attention environment. Fichter, Cebulla, Quadflieg, & A ; Naab ( 2008 ) implemented a self-help constituent ( i.e. , self-help CBT manual ) to the pretreatment stage of forte attention for persons with AN giving significantly shorter inpatient attention. For intervention of persons with BN and BED, a stepped-care attack has gained support ( Laessle, 1991 ; Treasure, 1996 ; Carter, 1998 ) . This attack may suit good with the construction of primary attention, since persons with BN are offered brief intercessions and so reevaluated. Brief intercessions for BN are often in the signifier of abridged CBT frequently accompanied by a self-help constituent ( Treasure, 1996 ; Cooper, Coker, & A ; Fleming, 1994 ) . A figure of self-help CBT books have been published aimed at assisting persons with binging and purge ( e.g. , Cooper, 1995 ; Fairburn, 1995 ) . Brief executio n of CBT ( Leonard et al. , 1997 ) , self-help CBT ( Sysko & A ; Walsh, 2008 ) , telephone counsel ( Palmer, Birchall, McGrain, & A ; Sullivan, 2002 ) , internet bringing ( Pretorius et al, 2009 ) , and motivational sweetening ( Schmidt, 1997 ; Vitousek, 1998 ) are all illustrations of promising brief intercessions explored for the intervention of binging and purge symptoms. While primary attention has been identified as an ideal puting for handling BN and BED, few effectivity surveies using brief intercessions for eating disordered symptoms have been conducted in the primary attention scene. A figure of eating upset intervention guidelines for primary attention suppliers have been published ( e.g. , Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1995 ; Gurney & A ; Halmi, 2001 ; Pritts & A ; Susman, 2003 ; Williams, Goodie, Motsinger, 2008 ) . However, there is limited information about the effectivity or deductions of behavioural intercessions for eating upsets delivered in the primary attention puting. Therefore, the purposes of the current survey are to 1 ) place all surveies presenting a behavioural constituent for AN, BN or BED in a primary attention scene, 2 ) examine the features and intervention results of surveies identified, and 3 ) supply intervention deductions every bit good as waies for future research. Methods Literature Review The reappraisal of the literature involved multiple computing machine hunts and reappraisal of old reappraisal documents every bit good as surveies cited within these documents. Search databases included CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycARTICLES, PsychInfo, and PubMed utilizing the hunt footings â€Å" binge-eating syndrome nervosa † OR â€Å" orgy eating upset † OR â€Å" anorexia nervosa † AND â€Å" primary attention. † Figure 1 outlines the literature hunt and shows 314 abstracts of articles reviewed for inclusion every bit good as mentions cited in five eating upset intervention reappraisal documents ( i.e. , Berkman et al. , 2006 ; Hay, Bacaltchuk, Stefano, & A ; Kashyap, 2009 ; Kondo & A ; Sokol, 2006 ; Williams, Goodie, & A ; Motsinger, 2008 ; Wilson, Grilo, & A ; Vitousek, 2007 ) . If deficient information was provided in an abstract the first writer obtained the full article for reappraisal. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Primary care-based intercession surveies aiming AN, BN, and BED, were identified based on the undermentioned inclusion and exclusion standards. Inclusion standards included: 1 ) the survey incorporated a behavioural constituent to the intercession for persons with AN, BN, or BED ; 2 ) the intercession was conducted in a primary attention puting ( or the intercession was implemented in a scene explicitly intended to emulate primary attention, as stated in the survey ‘s â€Å" methods subdivision † ) ; 3 ) the survey was a ) published in 2009 or earlier, B ) in English, degree Celsius ) and included empirical informations ; therefore, qualitative and instance surveies were excluded. Exclusion standards included: 1 ) intercessions in scenes other than primary attention puting ( or non explicitly saying an purpose to imitate a primary attention puting ) ; 2 ) non-intervention surveies ( e.g. , surveies conducted in primary attention with ends of obtaining epidemiological inf ormations ) ; 3 ) intercession surveies concentrating on weight loss or including an obesity-oriented attack ; 4 ) non-behavioral intercessions ( i.e. , entirely medicative intercessions ) . International and domestic surveies were included in this reappraisal. Given the limited literature, surveies were non excluded on the footing of whether or non participants were randomized to intervention, type of behavioural intercession, sample size, continuance of intervention, or participant features ( e.g. , gender ) . A sum of five surveies met standards for the current reappraisal. All surveies included were on the intervention of BN and BED. No surveies were found on AN. 314* abstracts/full-text articles reviewed: CINAHL ( 45 ) Embase ( 83 ) PsychArticles ( 0 ) PsychInfo ( 86 ) PubMed ( 100 ) Mentions cited in 5 eating upset intervention reappraisal documents: Berkman et Al. ( 2006 ) Hay et Al. ( 2009 ) Kondo & A ; Sokol ( 2006 ) Williams et Al. ( 2008 ) Wilson et Al. ( 2007 ) 3 original surveies identified 2 original surveies identified 4 primary care-based intercession ( 3 randomized, 1 non-randomized ) 1 designed-for-primary attention intercession ( randomized )Entire: 5 original surveiesFigure 1. Flow chart showing designation procedure of selected primary attention articles. *Note: Overlap nowadays among articles showing in multiple databases. Consequences Features of the Studies Reviewed Of the five surveies that met inclusion standards, four of the surveies were randomized ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand and King, 2003 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Among randomised surveies, none of the surveies fulfilled all of the standards of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials ( CONSORT ) , a criterion and minimal set of guidelines for describing randomized-controlled tests. All surveies included were self-described as effectiveness surveies. Therefore, feasibleness of intercession was paramount to the survey. Merely two of the five surveies recruited participants in the primary attention puting ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Waller et al. , 1996 ) . The figure of participants in the five surveies ranged from 11 to 109 ( M = 70.2, SD = 36.9 ) . Primary attention suppliers ( PCPs ) were the exclusive supplier of the behavioural intercession in two of the five surveies ( i.e. , Banasiak et al. , 2005 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) , and P CPs delivered behavioural intercessions in concurrence with nurses in two other of the five surveies ( i.e. , Waller et al. , 1996 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Minimally trained facilitators ( i.e. , former concert dance terpsichorean, medical secretary, and group leader ) delivered the behavioural intercession in the 1 survey ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Three of the five surveies provided at least 2-6 hours of preparation for doctors and/or nurses transporting out the intercession ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Waller et al. , 1994 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Two of the surveies did non supply separate preparation for those transporting out the intercession, but instead gave facilitators the same educational stuffs distributed to the participants ( i.e. , Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . One survey incorporated both behavioural and pharmacological intervention attacks ( Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . See Table 2 for extra survey features. Table 2. Features of surveies reviewed.SurveyParticipants & A ; CriteriaRecruitmentRandomized/Non-randomizedDelivery of Intervention/TrainingInterventionDurationBanasiak et al. , 2005 N=109 ( full or sub-threshold BN â€Å" modified † DSM-IV standards ) Community Ads: Newspaper: 61.4 % Primary Care: 21.1 % Community centre: 12 % ED centre referral: 5.5 % Randomized aˆ?16 PCPs aˆ?given manual & A ; attended a half-day workshop GSH utilizing Bulimia Nervosa and Binge feeding: A usher to recovery vs. delayed intervention control 17 weeks/1 30-60 minute initial contact & A ; 9 20-30 minute intervention Sessionss. Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 N=72 ( full BED DSM-IV standards, but non run intoing full BN standards ) Newspaper Ads Randomized aˆ?3 facilitators: Former concert dance terpsichorean Medical secretary Group leader aˆ?given manual & A ; intervention of 2-3 pilot participants. PSH vs. GSH utilizing Overcoming Binge Eating V. Wait list control 12 weeks/ 6-8 25-minute Sessionss. Durand & A ; King, 2003 N=68 ( BN symptoms ) Primary attention physician referral Randomized aˆ?32 PCPs aˆ?given manual, guidelines, & A ; phone no. for particular concerns GSH via Bulimia Nervosa: A usher to recovery vs. forte clinic intervention Duration of intervention varied GSH: ~ 5 visits with PCP Waller et al. , 1996 N=11 ( full BN DSM-IV standards ) Back-to-back series of primary Care patients Non-randomized aˆ? 4 Health professionals 1 nurse aˆ? 2 three-hour preparation workshops Abridged CBT & lt ; 8 20-minute Sessionss in hebdomadal intervals. Walsh et al. , 2004 N= 91 ( BN symptoms ) Newspaper advertizements and referrals Randomized aˆ? 7 Health professionals 8 nurses aˆ? brief 2-hour preparation & A ; intervention of a sum of 6 pilot patients aˆ? GSH + placebo vs. GSH + Fluoxetine vs. placebo-only vs. Fluoxetine-only. aˆ? GSH used Overcoming Binge Eating. 6-8 30-minute Sessionss over 4-5 months. Note: PCP – Primary Care Physician, GSH – Guided Self-Help, PSH – Pure Self-Help, ED – Eating Disorder Interventions Overall, this current reappraisal identified two chief attacks to handling BN and BED in primary attention. The first was for practicians to supply behavioural reding themselves, with an augmentation ( i.e. , self-help manual ) . The 2nd option used a collaborative attack in which a non-physician ( e.g. , nurse ) served as the primary intervention supplier with the doctor in a encouraging function with or without an augmentation ( i.e. , self-help manual, psychopharmacological medicine ) . A PCP was the exclusive supplier of the intercession in two surveies ( Banasiak et al. , 2005 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) and a non-physician ( i.e. , nurse ) in two surveies ( Waller et al. , 1996 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . A fifth survey used facilitators ( i.e. , concert dance terpsichorean, medical secretary, and a group leader ) to emulate primary attention suppliers ( Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ) . Guided Self-help versus Pure Self-help Among all surveies examined, four surveies implemented cognitive behavioural self-help in the intercession and incorporated the usage of a self-help manual ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, Hay, 2005 ; Carter and Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand and King, 2003 ; Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . Get the better ofing Binge Eating ( Fairburn, 1995 ) , Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating: A Guide to Recovery ( Cooper, 1995 ) , and Bulimia Nervosa: A Guide to Recovery ( Cooper, 1993 ) were the three manuals used. The add-on of the self-help manual came in two signifiers: 1 ) guided self-help and 2 ) pure self-help. Guided self-help pattern included a doctor or other supplier ‘guiding ‘ and directing the participants through the manual during scheduled visits and delegating specific reading in the manual to the participant. Pure self-help involved the supplier providing a manual to the participant and the instructions to read the manual over the class of the intercession. Treatment Results Three of the four surveies utilizing self-help found self-help methods to be good in relieving orgy eating episodes ( Banasiak, Paxton, & A ; Hay, 2005 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . One survey comparing guided self-help and Prozac found no benefits of guided self-help used entirely or used in concurrence with the medicine ( Walsh et al. , 2004 ) . However, medicative benefits of diminishing bulimic symptoms were important. These consequences should be interpreted with cautiousness, since this survey yielded a 69 % abrasion rate. Another survey comparing the benefits of guided self-help, pure self-help, and wait-list control found those who received guided self-help and pure-self aid to hold significantly fewer binge-eating episodes at station intervention and three month followup ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . While no important differences were obtained between guided self-help and pure self-help intervention groups at the terminal of intervention, t he guided self-help group attained significance over the pure self-help group across post-treatment clip points ( i.e. , 3 months and 6 months ) ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Waller et Al. ( 1996 ) was the lone survey non using a self-help constituent, but instead an abridged CBT intervention. This intervention yielded a 55 % betterment rate in bulimic symptoms. See Table 3 for result informations on each survey. Table 3. Outcome information on examined surveies.SurveyResultEffect SizeRestrictionsAbrasionBanasiak et al. , 2005 60 % decrease in nonsubjective orgy eating in GSH vs. 6 % decrease in DTC. 61 % decrease of purging behaviour in GSH vs. 10 % decrease in DTC. GSH V DTC: Gorging – Einsteinium: 1.96 Purging – Einsteinium: 1.47 aˆ? PCPs delivering intervention had involvement in eating upsets prior to analyze aˆ? Not all participants recruited from Personal computer 33 % dropped out Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 Decrease in frequence of orgy eating episodes important in both PSH & A ; GSH. GSH significantly lower in dietetic restraint than PSH at posttreatment & A ; 3-month followup. GSH V PSH in dietetic restraint posttreatment: *ES: -.71 3-month followup: *ES: -.66 aˆ?34 % decrease of orgy feeding in wait list control aˆ? deficiency of weight alteration aˆ? conformity poorer in PSH vs. GSH aˆ? Participants non recruited from Personal computer aˆ? survey simulated PC office 12 % dropped out Durand & A ; King, 2003 No clinical significance between self-help and forte clinic intervention result. Both self-help and forte attention yielded important betterment in bulimic symptoms indicated by BITE. Self-help at baseline V 6 month followup on BITE: *ES: .56 Forte at 6 month followup on BITE: *ES: .67 aˆ?Small sample aˆ?Outcome informations based on self-report graduated table aˆ?lack of specificity in magnitude of difference b/w intervention attention aˆ?23 % dropped out in GSH group aˆ?17 % dropped out in forte attention Waller et al. , 1996 55 % improved well, 45 % did non profit Not able to cipher ; Insufficient informations aˆ?Small sample aˆ?long preparation aˆ?inefficient intercession 18 % dropped out Walsh et al. , 2004 GSH had no important consequence on the decrease of bulimic symptoms compared to Fluoxetine. Fluoxetine had important decrease in bulimic symptoms. GSH vs. Fluoxetine: *ES: -.06 Fluoxetine V Fluoxetine w/GSH: *ES: .02 aˆ? Disobedience aˆ? 8 participants were reassigned conditions aˆ? Recruitment non in Personal computer. aˆ? No public-service corporation for GSH detected. 69 % dropped out Note: GSH – Guided Self-Help, PSH – Pure Self-Help, DTC – Delayed Treatment Control, PCPs – Primary Care Physicians, Personal computer – Primary Care, BITE – Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh *Effect sizes ( ES ) calculated by article ‘s first writer utilizing the undermentioned computation: vitamin D = M1 – M2 / i?-iˆ [ ( i1A? +iˆ iiˆ iˆ?A? ) / 2 ] . vitamin D = M1 – M2 / i whereiˆ i = i?- [ iiˆ ( X – M ) A? / N ] . Discussion Persons with eating upsets have some of the highest mortality rates of all psychiatric conditions ( Crow et al, 2008 ) coupled with high physical and psychological co-morbid conditions. Because of these co-morbid conditions, persons with feeding upsets are likely to show in primary attention puting with co-morbid ailments ( CITE ) . PCPs and staff are in a alone place to supply early sensing and intervention. Due to clip restraints, primary attention suppliers frequently lack the experience and preparation to implement intercessions for persons with feeding upsets. Therefore, brief, evidenced-based intercessions with minimum required preparation are paramount to the acceptance and airing of eating upset intervention. Consequences of this reappraisal expose the limited sum of research that has been conducted on the intervention of AN, BN, and BED in a primary attention puting. The current reappraisal identified five surveies – four on BN, one on BED, and no surveies were found on the intervention of AN in a primary attention puting. Of the five surveies that met standards for inclusion, four were randomized-controlled tests ( RCTs ) , which are often recognized as the gilded criterion in efficaciousness research. Among the RCTs, none of the surveies fulfilled all of the suggested CONSORT criterions. Four of the five surveies reviewed enforced CBT self-help in the signifier of a manual with educational constituents aiming binging and purge behaviours. Three of the four surveies utilizing self-help intervention found the intervention to be good ( i.e. , Banasiak, Paxton, & A ; Hay, 2005 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ; Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . Therefore, self-help intervention may be a good intervention for some patients showing in primary attention. Among surveies describing benefits, guided self-help proved to be more good than pure self-help ; nevertheless, pure self-help was still found to hold benefit ( Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . In a scene comparing survey, guided self-help CBT intervention was deemed every bit effectual as forte clinic intervention ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ) . Effectiveness and Feasibility While all surveies were conducted in a primary attention puting or in a scene that explicitly simulated a primary attention scene, merely two surveies recruited participants from this scene ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Waller et Al. 1996 ) . The enlisting context may restrict the effectivity of the interventions examined given studies of persons showing in primary attention exhibit higher rates of somatization, mental unwellness, and chronic conditions ( Jyvasjarvi et al. , 2001 ; Toft et al. , 2005 ) . Besides, given this survey was an international reappraisal, primary attention scenes differ across wellness attention systems ; hence, non merely may community samples differ from primary attention samples, but primary attention samples may differ from state to state ( Bailer et al. , 2004 ) . Similarly, PCPs in different states may hold changing clip restraints with respects to preparation and intervention bringing. However, minimum preparation and bringing efficiency are of import features for PCPs ( CITE ) . In this reappraisal, two surveies required less than an hr of preparation for the primary attention suppliers presenting the intercession ( Durand & A ; King, 2003 ; Carter & A ; Fairburn, 1998 ) . Given PCPs clip restraints, developing necessitating more than an hr may non be executable for the typical supplier. Another restriction to generalising intervention to the primary attention scene is the continuance of intervention in the surveies examined. Duration of intercession ranged from 5-10 visits at 20-30 proceedingss per visit. The length of intervention could explicate the high rates of abrasion ( i.e. , 12-69 % ) found in the surveies reviewed. However, Waller et Al. ( 1996 ) noted the indicated intervention may non take every bit long as the prescribed interv ention, since participants dropping out prior to completion of intervention still benefitted. The long-run effects and backsliding rates of brief intercession interventions in this scene is unknown, since the none of the surveies collected follow-up informations six months post intervention. Deductions for Practice Brief intercessions may merely be effectual for a subset of patients with bulimia nervosa and orgy feeding inclinations. Most surveies reviewed excluded participants with co-morbid upsets. Therefore, findings may non be generalizable to the typical primary attention population. Identifying the subset of persons in which brief intercessions will be most effectual remains disputing. While evidenced-based, brief intercessions are considered the first line of intervention for persons showing in primary attention ( NICE, 2004 ) , it is ill-defined how patients neglecting to react to these intercessions should be treated. PCPs electing non to supply behavioural intervention to patients with BN or orgy feeding must still play a important function in measuring and handling the physical symptomatology of eating upsets. With the outgrowth of incorporate attention, psychologists and mental wellness suppliers are going more present in the primary attention puting. Therefore, persons with BN and orgy eating inclinations may be treated holistically in the primary attention scene. Directions for Future Research Future research should concentrate on honing self-help CBT intervention in the primary attention puting and including participants with co-morbid features. Expanding bringing of intervention beyond primary attention doctors to other suppliers, such as nurses, dieticians, societal workers, and staff workers, may let for more trim intervention for the single presenting with feeding disordered behaviour.